| Latest Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | ||||||||||
| Latest Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
| Physics | Chemistry | Biology | ||||||||||||
| Latest Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
| Physics | Chemistry | Biology | ||||||||||||
Latest Class 11th Biology NCERT Concepts & Solutions
1. The Living World
This chapter introduces the characteristics that define life, such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and consciousness. It explores the diversity of life on Earth, the need for classification, and the basic principles of taxonomy. Key concepts like nomenclature (using binomial names like *Homo sapiens*) and the hierarchy of classification (species, genus, family, order, class, phylum/division, kingdom) are discussed, along with taxonomic aids like herbarium, botanical gardens, and museums.
2. Biological Classification
This chapter outlines different systems of biological classification developed over time, from Aristotle's simple grouping to the Five Kingdom classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia). It describes the characteristics of organisms belonging to each kingdom, highlighting the rationale behind their grouping based on cell structure, mode of nutrition, and phylogenetic relationships, providing a framework for studying the vast diversity of life.
3. Plant Kingdom
This chapter provides a detailed classification of the Plant Kingdom, including algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It describes the characteristic features, life cycles (alternation of generations), and economic importance of each group. Understanding the diversity within the plant kingdom is crucial for appreciating the evolution and adaptations of plants to different environments and their role in ecosystems.
4. Animal Kingdom
This chapter presents a comprehensive classification of the Animal Kingdom, based on fundamental features like levels of organisation (cellular, tissue, organ, organ system), symmetry (radial, bilateral), coelom (presence or absence), segmentation, and notochord. It describes the distinct characteristics of major phyla, from sponges (Porifera) to vertebrates (Chordata), highlighting evolutionary trends and examples within each group.
5. Morphology Of Flowering Plants
This chapter focuses on the study of the external structure and form of flowering plants (angiosperms). It describes the morphology of different parts, including the root (types, modifications), stem (types, modifications), leaf (types, venation, modifications), flower (parts, types of inflorescence, floral diagrams), fruit, and seed. Understanding plant morphology is essential for plant identification and appreciating their adaptations.
6. Anatomy Of Flowering Plants
This chapter delves into the internal structure of flowering plants, focusing on their anatomy. It describes different types of plant tissues – meristematic and permanent tissues (simple like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma; complex like xylem and phloem). The anatomy of root, stem, and leaf (monocot and dicot) is detailed, including secondary growth, providing insight into the functional aspects of plant structures.
7. Structural Organisation In Animals
This chapter examines the structural organisation in animals at the tissue, organ, and organ system levels. It revisits animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues) and their functions. Detailed studies of the anatomy and morphology of specific animals like the earthworm, cockroach, and frog (common examples in Indian context) illustrate how tissues are organised to form organs and organ systems for carrying out life processes.
8. Cell : The Unit Of Life
This foundational chapter in cytology explores the cell as the basic unit of life in greater detail. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes the structure and function of various cell organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, nucleus, and cytoskeleton. It highlights the cell theory and the diversity of cell shapes and sizes.
9. Biomolecules
This chapter introduces the complex molecules that make up living organisms. It discusses the chemical composition of cells, focusing on biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), vitamins, and minerals. The structure and function of macromolecules, the concept of enzymes as biological catalysts, and metabolic pathways are explained, providing insight into the chemistry of life.
10. Cell Cycle And Cell Division
This chapter explains the process by which cells grow and divide. It describes the cell cycle with its phases (Interphase - G1, S, G2; M phase - Mitosis or Meiosis). Mitosis (equational division) and Meiosis (reductional division) are detailed, including their significance. Understanding cell division is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms, maintaining genetic continuity.
11. Photosynthesis In Higher Plants
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (food). This chapter delves into the mechanisms of photosynthesis in higher plants. It discusses the site of photosynthesis (chloroplasts), pigments involved, the light-dependent reactions (electron transport chain), and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle - C3 pathway, and C4 pathway). Factors affecting photosynthesis rate are also covered.
12. Respiration In Plants
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from organic molecules. This chapter explains respiration in plants, detailing aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It covers glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport system), which are central metabolic pathways for energy production in the form of ATP ($\textsf{Adenosine Triphosphate}$). The respiratory quotient is also introduced.
13. Plant Growth And Development
This chapter explores the fascinating processes of growth, differentiation, and development in plants. It discusses factors influencing plant growth, including intrinsic (plant growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene) and extrinsic factors (light, temperature, water, nutrients). Concepts like photoperiodism (flowering response to light) and vernalisation (flowering response to cold) are explained, illustrating the complexity of plant life cycles.
14. Breathing And Exchange Of Gases
This chapter focuses on respiration in animals, specifically the process of breathing and the exchange of gases. It describes different respiratory organs in various animals and the human respiratory system. The mechanism of breathing (inhalation and exhalation) and the exchange of oxygen ($\textsf{O}_2$) and carbon dioxide ($\textsf{CO}_2$) between alveoli and blood, and between blood and tissues, are explained.
15. Body Fluids And Circulation
This chapter explores the internal transport system in animals, focusing on body fluids like blood and lymph and the circulatory system. It discusses the composition of blood (plasma, blood cells), blood groups (A, B, AB, O), and blood coagulation. The structure and function of the human heart, blood vessels, and the process of blood circulation (pulmonary and systemic) are detailed, along with basic concepts of the lymphatic system.
16. Excretory Products And Their Elimination
This chapter focuses on the removal of metabolic wastes from the body. It discusses different types of nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid) and excretory organs in various animals. The structure and function of the human excretory system, particularly the kidney, are detailed, explaining urine formation through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
17. Locomotion And Movement
This chapter explores the various types of movement and locomotion in animals. It discusses amoeboid, ciliary, and flagellar movements. It also details the human musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, and muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac). The mechanism of muscle contraction (sliding filament theory) and common disorders of the musculoskeletal system are explained.
18. Neural Control And Coordination
This chapter focuses on the nervous system, which provides rapid control and coordination. It explains the structure and function of neurons, nerve impulse generation and transmission, and synapses. The organisation of the human nervous system (Central Nervous System - brain, spinal cord; Peripheral Nervous System) and reflex actions are discussed, along with the structure and function of sensory organs like the eye and ear.
19. Chemical Coordination And Integration
This chapter complements neural coordination by explaining the role of the endocrine system. It introduces hormones as chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands. Various endocrine glands in the human body (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and the functions of their hormones are discussed. The chapter explains how hormones regulate physiological processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis.