| Non-Rationalised Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 6th Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Non-Rationalised)
1. Food: Where Does It Come From?
This chapter explores the diverse sources of food that we eat daily. It classifies food sources primarily into plants and animals. You will learn about different edible parts of plants like roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds, which form the basis of vegetarian food. It also discusses food obtained from animals, such as milk, eggs, and meat, and introduces the concept of food habits, categorizing animals as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
2. Components Of Food
Our food contains different components called nutrients that are essential for our body's growth and functioning. This chapter discusses the main nutrients: carbohydrates (for energy), proteins (for growth and repair), fats (for energy and storage), vitamins and minerals (for maintaining health and preventing diseases), roughage, and water. Simple tests to detect the presence of starch, protein, and fat in food items are also introduced. It highlights the importance of a **balanced diet**.
3. Fibre To Fabric
This chapter takes you on a journey from natural fibres to the fabrics we wear. It introduces different types of fibres, mainly classified as natural (obtained from plants like cotton, jute, or animals like wool, silk) and synthetic (man-made). Processes like spinning fibre into yarn and then weaving or knitting yarn into fabric are explained. Understanding this process helps appreciate how our clothes are made from raw materials.
4. Sorting Materials Into Groups
The world is filled with various objects made from different materials. This chapter helps in understanding how to group materials based on their properties. Materials can be grouped based on appearance (shiny or dull), hardness (hard or soft), texture (smooth or rough), solubility in water, whether they float or sink, and transparency (transparent, translucent, opaque). Sorting makes it easier to study materials and understand their uses.
5. Separation Of Substances
Often, substances are found mixed together, and we need to separate them for various reasons. This chapter introduces simple techniques for separating components from mixtures. Methods discussed include handpicking (e.g., separating stones from rice), threshing, winnowing, sieving, sedimentation (particles settling down), decantation (pouring off liquid), filtration (using a filter paper), and evaporation (converting liquid to gas to recover solute). Choosing the right method depends on the properties of the substances.
6. Changes Around Us
Our surroundings are constantly changing. This chapter explores different types of changes we observe daily. It differentiates between changes that can be reversed (like melting ice or folding paper) and those that cannot be reversed (like burning wood or cooking food). It also introduces the idea that changes can involve heating or cooling substances, causing them to expand, contract, or change state, helping us understand the dynamic nature of things around us.
7. Getting To Know Plants
Plants are essential for life and come in various forms. This chapter helps you explore the diversity and different parts of plants. It classifies plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees based on their size and stem type. Different parts like the root, stem, leaf (including venation), flower, and fruit are identified and their basic functions are discussed. Understanding plant parts is key to appreciating how they grow and survive.
8. Body Movements
This chapter explores how living organisms, particularly humans and some animals, move. It discusses the role of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and muscles in facilitating movement. Different types of joints (e.g., hinge, ball and socket) are explained with examples. Movement in other animals like earthworms, snails, birds, and fish is also briefly described, highlighting the variety of ways creatures move.
9. The Living Organisms — Characteristics And Habitats
This chapter helps identify what makes something living and how organisms adapt to their surroundings. It revisits the characteristics of living organisms like growth, movement, respiration, response to stimuli, excretion, and reproduction. It introduces the concept of habitat – the environment where an organism lives. Adaptations of organisms to different habitats, such as deserts, mountains, grasslands, and aquatic environments, are discussed.
10. Motion And Measurement Of Distances
This chapter introduces the idea of motion and the importance of measuring distances accurately. It discusses different types of motion, including rectilinear (straight line), circular, and periodic motion. The need for standard units of measurement is explained, introducing the metric system and SI units for length (metre). Methods for measuring the length of straight and curved lines using a ruler and thread are covered.
11. Light, Shadows And Reflections
This chapter explores the properties of light and related phenomena. It explains that light travels in straight lines. The formation of shadows when opaque objects block light is discussed, relating the size and position of the shadow to the light source and object. The concept of reflection of light from surfaces, including simple pinhole cameras and using mirrors to see reflections, is introduced.
12. Electricity And Circuits
This chapter introduces the basics of electricity and how it flows in circuits. It explains the concept of electric current as the flow of charge. Essential components of a simple electric circuit, such as a cell (source of electricity), bulb (device that uses electricity), switch (to control the circuit), and connecting wires, are identified. Open and closed circuits are explained, showing how electricity flows only in a closed path.
13. Fun With Magnets
This chapter explores the interesting properties of magnets. It introduces magnetic and non-magnetic materials and explains that magnets attract magnetic substances. The poles of a magnet (North and South) are identified, and the fundamental rule that like poles repel and opposite poles attract is demonstrated. Simple experiments like finding direction with a magnet and making your own magnet are included, highlighting the practical uses of magnets.
14. Water
Water is vital for all living organisms and exists in different states. This chapter discusses the importance of water, its sources (rivers, lakes, rain, groundwater), and the different forms it takes (solid ice, liquid water, gaseous water vapour). The **water cycle**, the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, is explained. The chapter also highlights water conservation and the need for responsible water usage.
15. Air Around Us
Air is a mixture of several gases, essential for life. This chapter explores the composition of air (primarily nitrogen and oxygen, with small amounts of other gases). It demonstrates through simple activities that air occupies space, has weight, and is needed for burning. The importance of air for respiration in living organisms, wind energy, and pollination is discussed, along with the harmful effects of air pollution.
16. Garbage In, Garbage Out
This chapter addresses the issue of waste management. It discusses different types of garbage (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) and the problems caused by improper disposal. Methods like composting (converting organic waste into manure using earthworms - vermicomposting) and recycling are explained as ways to reduce waste and manage it effectively. The importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste is emphasized for a cleaner environment.