1. Learning

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience. Major theories of learning include classical conditioning (associating stimuli), operant conditioning (learning through rewards and punishments), and observational learning (learning by watching others). Understanding learning processes is fundamental to understanding how we acquire new skills, knowledge, and behaviors.

2. Memory

Memory is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. It involves different stages, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Understanding memory processes, including encoding strategies, retrieval cues, forgetting, and the nature of memory distortion, is crucial for learning and cognitive function.

3. Thinking and Language

Thinking involves manipulating information, forming concepts, solving problems, and making decisions. Language is a system of communication using symbols and grammar. Psychology explores the relationship between thinking and language, how we acquire language, and how language influences thought processes. Cognitive psychology investigates these complex mental activities.