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Class 11th Physics NCERT Notes and Solutions (Non-Rationalised)
1. Physical World
This introductory chapter provides a broad perspective on what physics is, its scope, and its excitement. It explores how physics seeks to explain the diverse physical world in terms of a few fundamental concepts and laws. The chapter discusses the deep connection between physics, technology, and society. A key focus is on the four fundamental forces in nature: the Gravitational Force, the Weak Nuclear Force, the Electromagnetic Force, and the Strong Nuclear Force. It introduces the powerful ideas of unification (the effort to see different forces as manifestations of a single underlying force) and reductionism (the attempt to explain complex systems in terms of the properties of their simpler constituent parts), which are guiding principles in physics.
2. Units And Measurements
This chapter establishes the foundation of physics: measurement. It introduces the concept of physical quantities, classifying them as fundamental and derived. It details the International System of Units (SI system) with its seven base units. A central theme is Dimensional Analysis, a powerful tool used to check the consistency of physical equations, derive relationships between quantities, and convert units. The chapter also addresses the practical aspects of measurement, discussing sources of errors (systematic and random) and the importance of correctly reporting measurements using significant figures, which reflect the precision of the measuring instrument and the reliability of the result.
3. Motion In A Straight Line
This chapter, part of kinematics, describes the motion of objects along a straight path without considering the cause of motion. It introduces key concepts by distinguishing between scalar quantities like distance and speed, and vector quantities like displacement and velocity. The concept of acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. The chapter uses graphical analysis, employing position-time and velocity-time graphs to visualize and interpret motion. For the special case of uniformly accelerated motion, it derives and applies the three fundamental equations of motion: $\textsf{v = u + at}$, $\textsf{s = ut} + \frac{1}{2}\textsf{at}^2$, and $\textsf{v}^2 = \textsf{u}^2 + \textsf{2as}$.
4. Motion In A Plane
This chapter extends the study of motion to two dimensions. It begins by introducing vectors as the essential mathematical tool for describing quantities with both magnitude and direction. Operations like vector addition, subtraction, and resolution into components are explained. These tools are then applied to analyze two key types of motion in a plane: Projectile Motion, which describes the parabolic path of an object thrown into the air under the influence of gravity, and Uniform Circular Motion, where an object moves at a constant speed in a circle, experiencing a constant centripetal acceleration directed towards the center of the circle.
5. Laws Of Motion
This chapter delves into dynamics, exploring the cause of motion: force. It is built around Newton's three laws of motion. The First Law defines the concept of inertia. The Second Law provides a quantitative measure of force as the rate of change of momentum, famously simplified as $\vec{\textsf{F}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{a}}$. The Third Law establishes the principle of action and reaction. The chapter introduces the crucial concept of linear momentum ($\vec{\textsf{p}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{v}}$) and derives the law of conservation of linear momentum, a fundamental principle stating that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. It also discusses concepts like friction and the dynamics of circular motion.
6. Work, Energy And Power
This chapter introduces the interconnected concepts of work, energy, and power. Work is defined scientifically as being done when a force causes displacement ($\textsf{W} = \vec{\textsf{F}} \cdot \vec{\textsf{s}}$). Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. The chapter focuses on two forms of mechanical energy: Kinetic Energy ($\textsf{KE} = \frac{1}{2}\textsf{mv}^2$), the energy of motion, and Potential Energy, the energy stored due to position or configuration. The crucial Work-Energy Theorem and the principle of conservation of mechanical energy are established. Finally, Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred ($\textsf{P} = \frac{\textsf{W}}{\textsf{t}}$).
7. System Of Particles And Rotational Motion
This chapter expands the analysis from point objects to extended bodies, introducing rotational motion. It begins with the concept of the center of mass of a system of particles. The chapter then develops rotational analogues for linear motion concepts: torque is the rotational equivalent of force, moment of inertia is the rotational equivalent of mass (inertia), and angular momentum is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. A key principle discussed is the conservation of angular momentum, which states that the total angular momentum of a system remains constant if no external torque acts on it. The equilibrium of rigid bodies is also discussed.
8. Gravitation
This chapter explores the universal force of attraction that governs the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies. It is based on Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, which states that every particle attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them ($\textsf{F} = \textsf{G}\frac{\textsf{m}_1\textsf{m}_2}{\textsf{r}^2}$). The chapter derives the expression for acceleration due to gravity ($\textsf{g}$) and discusses its variation. Concepts like gravitational potential energy, escape speed, and the orbital motion of satellites are explained. It also covers Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which provide an empirical description of the orbits of planets around the Sun.
9. Mechanical Properties Of Solids
This chapter focuses on the elastic properties of solid materials, explaining how they deform under external forces and regain their original shape when the forces are removed. It introduces the concepts of stress (the internal restoring force per unit area) and strain (the fractional change in dimension). The central principle is Hooke's Law, which states that within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain. This relationship is quantified by various moduli of elasticity: Young's Modulus (for length), Shear Modulus (for shape), and Bulk Modulus (for volume), which are characteristic properties of a material.
10. Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
This chapter explores the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases). In fluid statics, it discusses pressure and its variation with depth, leading to Pascal's law. The concept of buoyancy is explained through Archimedes' principle. In fluid dynamics, it introduces the concepts of streamline and turbulent flow. The chapter also covers properties like surface tension, which arises from cohesive forces between liquid molecules, and viscosity, which is the internal friction or resistance to flow in a fluid. A key principle of fluid motion, Bernoulli's principle, is introduced, which relates pressure, velocity, and height for a moving fluid.
11. Thermal Properties Of Matter
This chapter deals with the concepts of heat and temperature and their effects on matter. It explains how temperature is measured and discusses the thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. It introduces the concepts of specific heat capacity, which quantifies a substance's ability to absorb heat, and latent heat, the energy absorbed or released during a change of state (e.g., melting or boiling) at a constant temperature. The chapter concludes by detailing the three modes of heat transfer: conduction (through direct contact), convection (through the movement of fluid), and radiation (through electromagnetic waves).
12. Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and other forms of energy. This chapter introduces the Zeroth Law of thermodynamics, which defines temperature. The First Law of Thermodynamics is presented as a statement of the conservation of energy, relating the change in a system's internal energy to the heat added and the work done ($\Delta \textsf{U} = \textsf{Q} - \textsf{W}$). The Second Law of Thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy and sets limits on the efficiency of heat engines, defining the natural direction of processes. Various thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric) are also discussed.
13. Kinetic Theory
This chapter provides a microscopic explanation for the macroscopic behavior of gases, known as the Kinetic Theory of Gases. It is based on a model where a gas consists of a large number of molecules in constant, random motion. From this model, it derives expressions for the pressure exerted by a gas and provides a fundamental interpretation of temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. The chapter introduces the concept of degrees of freedom and the law of equipartition of energy to explain the specific heat capacities of gases.
14. Oscillations
This chapter examines periodic motion, which repeats itself at regular intervals. It focuses in detail on a special type of periodic motion called Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). SHM is characterized by a restoring force that is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and is always directed towards it. The chapter defines key parameters of SHM, including amplitude, time period, frequency, and phase. The energy of an oscillating system is analyzed, showing a continuous interchange between kinetic and potential energy. The motion of the simple pendulum and a mass-spring system are studied as classic examples of SHM.
15. Waves
This chapter introduces the concept of a wave as a propagating disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter. It distinguishes between transverse waves (particle oscillation perpendicular to wave propagation) and longitudinal waves (particle oscillation parallel to wave propagation). Key characteristics of a wave, such as amplitude, wavelength ($\lambda$), frequency ($\nu$), and speed ($\textsf{v} = \nu\lambda$), are defined. The chapter explains the principle of superposition, which governs how waves combine, leading to phenomena like interference (constructive and destructive) and the formation of standing waves. Reflection of waves and the Doppler effect are also discussed.