Non-Rationalised History NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th)
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Class 9th Chapters
1. The French Revolution	2. Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution	3. Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler
4. Forest Society And Colonialism	5. Pastoralists In The Modern World

Class 9th History NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)

1. The French Revolution

This chapter provides a detailed account of the French Revolution of 1789, a pivotal event that reshaped modern history. It begins by examining the social structure of France under the Ancien Régime, which was divided into three estates: the privileged clergy and nobility, and the heavily taxed Third Estate, which comprised everyone else. The chapter explores the multiple causes of the revolution, including a severe financial crisis, social inequality, and the powerful influence of Enlightenment philosophers who promoted ideas of reason and individual rights. It chronicles key events, from the symbolic storming of the Bastille and the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, to the radical phase of the Jacobins, known as the Reign of Terror, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The revolution's enduring legacy is its promotion of the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which became a blueprint for democratic and nationalist movements across the globe.

2. Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution

This chapter traces the emergence of socialism as a powerful political ideology in 19th-century Europe, arising in response to the profound social and economic inequalities created by the Industrial Revolution. It discusses the ideas of early socialist thinkers like Karl Marx, who envisioned a classless society. The chapter then shifts its focus to Russia, a country ripe for revolution due to the autocratic rule of the Tsar, widespread peasant poverty, and harsh conditions for industrial workers. It meticulously details the causes and events of the Russian Revolution of 1917, distinguishing between the February Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy, and the October Revolution, in which Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party seized power. It examines the radical changes that followed, including the nationalisation of industries and banks, land redistribution, and the establishment of the Soviet Union (USSR), the world's first socialist state, which had a massive global impact.

3. Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler

This chapter provides a chilling analysis of the rise of Nazism and the totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany. It sets the context by explaining the post-World War I situation: the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles, the political instability of the fragile Weimar Republic, and the devastating economic impact of the Great Depression. These conditions created a fertile ground for Hitler and his Nazi Party, who used powerful propaganda, promises of restoring national pride, and the scapegoating of minorities to gain popular support. The chapter explores the core tenets of Nazi ideology, including its belief in racial purity, aggressive nationalism, and virulent anti-Semitism. Once in power, Hitler dismantled democracy and established a brutal police state, systematically persecuting Jews and other groups, which culminated in the mass genocide known as the Holocaust. The chapter serves as a stark reminder of the catastrophic consequences of racial hatred and totalitarianism.

4. Forest Society And Colonialism

This chapter examines the profound impact of colonial rule on forest societies, with a special focus on India and Java. It first describes the traditional, symbiotic relationship that forest-dwelling communities had with their environment, relying on forests for their livelihood. This changed drastically with the arrival of the colonial powers. The British, viewing forests primarily as a source of valuable timber for building the Royal Navy's ships and railway sleepers, introduced the concept of "scientific forestry." To control this resource, they enacted a series of forest laws, such as the Indian Forest Acts, which classified forests as 'Reserved' and 'Protected,' severely restricting access for local communities and criminalizing their traditional practices like jhum (shifting) cultivation. This dispossession led to widespread poverty and triggered numerous acts of resistance and rebellion by forest communities, such as the Bastar rebellion in India.

5. Pastoralists In The Modern World

This chapter sheds light on the lives of nomadic pastoral communities and how their world was irrevocably altered by the policies of the modern state, particularly under colonialism. It explores the traditional lifestyles of various pastoral groups in India, such as the Gujjars and Bakarwals of the Himalayas, detailing their carefully planned seasonal migration in search of pasture for their herds. The chapter then analyzes the severe impact of colonial policies on these communities. The enactment of Forest Acts closed off vast forest areas that had been traditional grazing grounds. The colonial government also imposed grazing taxes and restricted their movements. These measures drastically shrank their available pasturelands, disrupted their traditional livelihoods, and led to a decline in their livestock population. The chapter also provides a comparative perspective by looking at pastoralists in Africa, such as the Maasai, showing how colonial boundaries and land policies similarly upended pastoral life across the globe.