Non-Rationalised History NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th)
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Class 10th Chapters
1. The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe	2. Nationalism In India	3. The Making Of A Global World
4. The Age Of Industrialisation	5. Print Culture And The Modern World

Class 10th History NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)

1. The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

This chapter traces the development of nationalism as a powerful force in 19th-century Europe, which led to the dramatic redrawing of its political map. It begins with the French Revolution of 1789, which first articulated the modern ideas of a collective national identity (la patrie) and citizenship (le citoyen). The chapter explains how this sentiment of nationalism—a feeling of common identity based on shared language, culture, and history—spread across the continent, challenging the existing multi-national dynastic empires. It details the process of nation-building through key historical events, including the Napoleonic Wars, the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and the landmark unifications of Germany (led by Otto von Bismarck) and Italy (driven by figures like Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi). The chapter also explores the role of culture, art, and romanticism in forging a national consciousness, including the use of allegories like Marianne and Germania to personify the nation. This powerful wave of nationalism ultimately resulted in the emergence of the modern nation-state as the dominant form of political organization in Europe.

2. Nationalism In India

This chapter provides a comprehensive account of the Indian freedom struggle, focusing on the growth of modern nationalism in India as an anti-colonial movement. While a sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond, the chapter details how the Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, forged these diverse groups into a united mass movement. It elaborates on Gandhi's powerful idea of Satyagraha—a novel method of mass agitation based on truth and non-violence. The chapter meticulously covers the major nationalist campaigns: the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), the Civil Disobedience Movement, which began with the iconic Dandi Salt March in 1930, and the climactic Quit India Movement of 1942. It also analyzes the participation and varied aspirations of different social groups—peasants, tribals, workers, and business classes. The narrative also addresses the complexities and limitations of the movement, including the role of the Muslim League and the eventual, tragic Partition of the subcontinent, culminating in India's independence in 1947.

3. The Making Of A Global World

This chapter explores the long and fascinating history of globalisation, demonstrating that the interconnectedness of societies is not a new phenomenon. It begins by tracing pre-modern linkages through travellers, traders, and pilgrims along ancient routes like the famous Silk Road, which connected Asia with Europe and facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. The narrative then moves to the age of discovery, highlighting the profound global shifts following Columbus's discovery of the Americas, including the exchange of crops, peoples, and devastating diseases (the 'Columbian Exchange'). The chapter examines 19th-century globalisation driven by trade, large-scale migration (including indentured labour or 'new system of slavery'), and capital flows. It also analyses the economic turmoil of the inter-war period, focusing on the Great Depression. Finally, it discusses the post-World War II era and the establishment of the Bretton Woods institutions—the IMF and the World Bank—which were created to manage the global economy and have profoundly shaped the modern world.

4. The Age Of Industrialisation

This chapter provides a nuanced view of the Age of Industrialisation, challenging the common perception that it was solely about the rapid growth of factories. It introduces the concept of proto-industrialisation, a phase of large-scale industrial production for an international market that took place in the countryside, even before factories were established in England. The chapter then discusses the advent of the factory system, the revolutionary impact of new technologies like James Watt's steam engine, and the often harsh and difficult lives of industrial workers. A significant portion of the chapter is dedicated to the Indian context, explaining how British colonialism reshaped its economy. It details the decline of India's traditional textile industry due to the influx of cheap, machine-made goods from Manchester—a process of de-industrialisation. It also examines the emergence of modern industries in India, driven by Indian entrepreneurs, and the unique challenges they faced within a colonial economic structure.

5. Print Culture And The Modern World

This chapter examines the revolutionary impact of print technology on societies across the globe. It traces the history of print from its origins in East Asia (woodblock printing) to its development in Europe with Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the 15th century. This invention made books cheaper and more accessible, leading to a "reading mania" and the creation of a new public of readers. The chapter explores how print became a powerful agent of change, facilitating the spread of new ideas and challenging established authorities. It played a crucial role in the Protestant Reformation by disseminating Martin Luther's critiques of the Catholic Church, spread the rational ideas of Enlightenment thinkers that fueled the French Revolution, and empowered women to read and write more. The second half of the chapter focuses on India, detailing how print was introduced and how it became a vital tool in social and religious reform debates, as well as in spreading nationalist ideas to critique colonial rule. Print culture thus became central to the making of the modern world.