| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science NCERT Questions with Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 11th Chemistry Additional Questions
1. Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry
This foundational chapter introduces the core principles of chemistry. It covers the laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory, and the essential quantitative tools of the subject. A central focus is the mole concept, which provides a method for counting atoms and molecules by weighing them, using Avogadro's constant. You will learn to perform stoichiometric calculations, determine empirical and molecular formulae, and express solution concentrations. To master these essential skills, this section provides additional short and long answer type questions beyond those in the NCERT and Exemplar books.
2. Structure Of Atom
This chapter delves into the atom's internal architecture, tracing the evolution of atomic models from early theories to the modern quantum mechanical model. It details the discovery of subatomic particles and explains concepts like wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle. A key focus is on understanding quantum numbers, which describe the properties of atomic orbitals (s, p, d, f), and the rules that govern how electrons are arranged within an atom (Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, Pauli exclusion principle). To reinforce your understanding of this complex topic, this section offers a variety of extra short and long answer questions for practice.
3. Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties
This chapter explains the systematic organization of elements in the Modern Periodic Table. It explains how the arrangement based on atomic number leads to the periodicity of properties—predictable trends in physical and chemical characteristics. You will learn about key periodic trends, including atomic radius, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, and electronegativity, and how they change across a period and down a group. Understanding these trends is crucial for predicting the behavior of elements. A collection of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here to master this topic.
4. Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure
This chapter is central to chemistry, explaining how atoms join to form molecules through chemical bonds. It details the formation of ionic and covalent bonds and introduces theories to predict molecular shapes, such as the VSEPR theory. Deeper models like the Valence Bond Theory (VBT), which explains the concept of hybridisation, and the Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) are also discussed. The chapter also covers intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding, which influence the physical properties of substances. This section contains additional questions to help you master the concepts of bonding and structure.
5. States Of Matter
This chapter explores the physical states of matter, focusing primarily on the gaseous state. It describes the behavior of gases using the fundamental gas laws (Boyle's, Charles's, etc.), which are unified in the Ideal Gas Equation (PV = nRT). The chapter introduces the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases to provide a microscopic explanation for these laws. It also discusses the deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Key properties of liquids, such as vapour pressure, surface tension, and viscosity, are also explained. To test your understanding of these physical principles, solve the additional short and long answer type questions available here.
6. Thermodynamics
This chapter deals with the relationship between heat, work, and energy in chemical and physical processes. It introduces the First Law of Thermodynamics (conservation of energy) and key concepts like internal energy and enthalpy ($\Delta H$). The chapter then moves to the concept of spontaneity, introducing the Second Law of Thermodynamics and entropy ($\Delta S$) as a measure of disorder. Finally, Gibbs free energy ($\Delta G$) is presented as the ultimate criterion for predicting the spontaneity of a process. To explore this topic further, a set of additional short and long answer questions is available in this section.
7. Equilibrium
This chapter describes the dynamic state of equilibrium in reversible reactions. It covers both chemical equilibrium, introducing the concept of the equilibrium constant ($K_c, K_p$), and ionic equilibrium, which deals with acids, bases, and salts in aqueous solutions. A key principle discussed is Le Chatelier's principle, which predicts how a system at equilibrium responds to changes. The chapter also explains concepts like the pH scale, buffer solutions, and the solubility product, which are crucial in many chemical and biological systems. This section provides extra questions to practice these concepts.
8. Redox Reactions
This chapter focuses on redox reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons. It defines oxidation and reduction and introduces the concept of oxidation number to track electron shifts. A major focus of the chapter is on the systematic methods for balancing redox reactions, both in acidic and basic media. The chapter also provides an introduction to electrochemistry, explaining how redox reactions can be used to generate electricity in electrochemical cells. To master the skill of balancing these important reactions, a set of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here.
9. Hydrogen
This chapter is dedicated to the study of hydrogen, the first and simplest element. It discusses its unique position in the periodic table, its isotopes, and its properties. A significant portion of the chapter is dedicated to its most important compound, water, covering its structure and the concept of hard and soft water. Another key compound, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), is also discussed. The chapter explores the potential of hydrogen as a clean fuel, an idea central to the concept of a 'hydrogen economy'. A collection of additional questions is provided here to reinforce your learning.
10. The S-Block Elements
This chapter provides a detailed examination of the s-block elements: the Alkali Metals (Group 1) and the Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2). It explores the periodic trends in their physical and chemical properties. The chapter explains the anomalous behavior of the first element of each group and the 'diagonal relationship'. It also covers the preparation, properties, and uses of commercially important compounds like sodium carbonate (Solvay process) and Plaster of Paris. To test your knowledge on this group of elements, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.
11. The P-Block Elements
This chapter introduces the chemistry of the p-block elements, focusing on Group 13 (Boron family) and Group 14 (Carbon family). It discusses the general trends in their properties, highlighting phenomena like the inert pair effect. For Group 13, it delves into the chemistry of Boron and its compounds, such as borax and diborane. For Group 14, it explores the unique properties of Carbon (catenation, allotropes) and introduces important compounds of silicon like silicones and silicates. A variety of additional questions are available here to deepen your understanding.
12. Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles And Techniques
This chapter lays the foundation for studying organic chemistry. It covers the classification of organic compounds and the rules of IUPAC nomenclature for systematic naming. The chapter introduces fundamental concepts of reaction mechanisms, including bond fission and the electronic effects (inductive effect, resonance) that govern a molecule's reactivity. It also covers essential practical aspects, including methods for the purification (like distillation and chromatography) and both qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. This section provides supplementary questions to practice these core skills.
13. Hydrocarbons
This chapter is dedicated to hydrocarbons, the simplest organic compounds. It classifies them into saturated (Alkanes) and unsaturated (Alkenes and Alkynes) aliphatic hydrocarbons, and Aromatic hydrocarbons. For each class, the chapter discusses their preparation methods and characteristic chemical reactions, such as the electrophilic addition to alkenes (Markonikov’s rule). A key section is devoted to Benzene and the concept of aromaticity, explaining its unique stability and its characteristic electrophilic substitution reactions. To master the reactions of hydrocarbons, solve the additional questions provided here.
14. Environmental Chemistry
This chapter applies chemical principles to understand and address environmental issues. It details various types of environmental pollution and explains the chemistry behind major threats like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. The chapter discusses common water pollutants and the concept of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). It also introduces the principles of Green Chemistry as a sustainable approach to chemical design, aiming to minimize pollution at its source. To explore these critical issues further, a set of additional questions is provided in this section.